Dental syringe



June 29, 1937. A. F. PIEPER 2,085,470

DENTAL SYRINGE Filed May 8, 1936 2 Sheets-Sheet l T591 INVENTOR. l@se 7. PaS/2er Q5 ATTORNEYS A. F. PIEPER DENTAL SYRINGE June 29, 1937.

Filed May 8, 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 /zs ATTORNEY.

lll

Patented June 29, 1937 UNITED STATES ATT GFFICE .EHSSUE Application May 8, 1936, Seriai No. '78,603

27 Claims.

The present invention relates to a fluid control device such, for example, as a dental syringe, and has for its object to provide in a device of this class a simplied construction embodying relatively few parts which can be conveniently assembled and operated.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved arrangement of parts within the body of the syringe for eifectively heating and controlling the fluid or liquid therein.

A further object of the invention is to provide improved means for heating an initial supply of liquid within the syringe on either or both sides of the valve for controlling the liquid outlet, whereby to provide for the instant flow of preheated liquid from the nozzle at the desired tem.- perature upon opening the valve.

A further object of the invention is toy provide in a syringe of this class a plurality of unitary detachably associated fluid heating and control sections which can be readily assembled or detached one from another, and which will be dependable and eiic'ient in service.

A further object of the. invention is to provide in combination with a dental syringe having a conduit connected with a liquid supply unit for supplying warm or cold liquid to the syringe, 'improved heating means within the syringe for maintaining the liquid therein at a predetermined temperature ready for use upon opening the valve for controlling the flow of the liquid.

To these and other ends the invention resides in certain improvements and combinations of parts, all as will be hereinafter more fully described, the novel features being pointed out in the claims at the end of the specication.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a view in elevation of a fluid temperature control device embodying the invention;

Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section through the syringe shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a fragmentary longitudinal section through the body of the syringe drawn to an enlarged scale and showing the arrangement of the fluid control valve and heating coil;

Fig. 4 is a horizontal section on line 4-4 of Fig. 3, and

Fig. 5 is a side View of the unitary valve and heating coil section shown in Fig. 3, but drawn to a reduced scale.

The same reference numerals throughout the several views indicate the same parts.

Referring to the drawings, the syringe comprises a pair of inner and outer tubular body sections Ill and II respectively, telescoped for move- (Cl. 21B-39) ment one longitudinally of the other, the outer section having a nozzle I2 thereon in communication therewith. The inner section I0 constitutes the handle of the syringe to be gripped by the operator when using the syringe. A tubular section I3 is detachably mounted within the handle or body section l0 and has at its inner end an enlarged portion Ia closely tting the bore of the handle, the enlarged portion having a reduced extension Iii carrying a reduced portion I5. Rigidly secured within the outer end of the reduced portion l5 is a tubular extension I6 telescoped within the bore Il' of the outer body section II.

A liquid-tight joint is formed between the tube IB and the body section i! by means of suitable packing I8 which is compressed and held in position by a nut I9 threaded within the body section, as shown in Fig. 2.

The tubular section I3 is detachably supported within the handle or inner body section I0 by means of a thimble threaded within the body section and shouldered at its outer end to receive the tubular section I3. The reduced portion III of the inner tubular section forms a valve chamber 2! within which is mounted a suitable valve 22 having a gradually tapered portion 23 extending within the bore of the reduced portion I5 of the tubular section I3, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The valve is normally held in closed position by a spring 24 within the chamber 2l, the spring being carried by a tubular support 25 formed of suitable insulating material and closely fitted within the enlarged portion I3a of the tubular section i3. Screwed into the support is a metal contact 26 having its lower end recessed to receive the beveled end of a coupling 2l, suitably connected with a flexible tube 28 for supplying liquid to the valve chamber 2l, the tube being connected with a suitable source of liquid as described hereinafter.

The coupling 2l is extended through an outer coupling 29 which is threadedly secured within the lower end of the enlarged portion I3a of the tubular section i3 as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The coupling 2l is supported within the outer coupling 29 by a connection 39 formed of insulating material which serves to clamp the gaskets 3| upon the inner wall of the outer coupling 29 to form a liquid-tight joint between the inner and outer couplings, as shown in Fig. 3. The inner coupling is further insulated from the outer coupling by means of` a sleeve 32 formed of suitable insulating material.

The coupling 29 is reduced at its lower end to receive an outer flexible tube or conduit 33 con- Cil taining the inner liquid supply tube E8 and the wires for supplying current to the heating coil, saiy tubes being connecte-d with a suitable water supply unit, described hereinafter.

The outer conduit 33 is protected at its point of connection with the syringe by a guard 35 preferably comprising a coiled spring suitably connected with the thimble for supporting the tubular section within the handle or body scction l@ of the syringe.

The tapered or conical portion 2t oi the valve has loosely inserted therein an operating stem 36 which extends hrcugh the outer tube lli of the tubular section it and into the bore or recess il or" the outer body section ll, the latter having a iiuid outlet passage communicating with the nozzle l2. The upper end of the valve stem. has formed thereon an extension 3l' slotted at 3S and threaded to receive a screw the head of which engages a seat lll on the tubular section il. By slot-ting the extension the opposite jaws thereof will yieldingly grip the screw to firmly hold it in adjusted position. The screw is slotted at l2 for the reception of a suitable tool ior turning it to vary the length of the valve stern whereby to regulate the position of the valve to accommodate it to its seat. The slot also serves an outlet passage for the fluid admitted to the bore l? of the tubular body member il.

To effect opening ci the valve it is only necessary to move the tubular body section il inwardly on the handle or body section lo, which is done b-y swinging the lever toward the outer body section from the normal position shown in liig. 2. IThe leve-r is pivotally supported at Il@ on a band lili substantlally surrounding the body section lll and suitably secured thereon. The lever a laterally projecting part L35 extending through an opening fifi in the wall or the handle l@ and into a recess formed in the outer body section li. The projecting par of the lever engages a shoulder' on the outer body section whereby when the lever is moved toward said section it will operate to move it longitudinally within the handle or body member lll to eiect opening of the valve.

The supply means from which fluid or liquid is discharged to the inner flexible tube 2S may be of any well known type, such, for example, as that shown by U. S. Patent No. 1,911,386, comprising a liquid control unit for supplying either hot or cold water to a dental syringe. A corresponding unit is indicated generally at di? in Fig. l and comprises a reservoir having liquid inlet connections, not shown, and a communicating valve housing having a discharge Valve, not shown, provided with an operating arm 5i forked at its outer end to receive the reduced portion lla of the tubular body section il .of the syringe for supporting the syringe in a substantially vertical position when not in use7 in which position the syringe serves` to hold the valve in the housing 563 closed.

The housing has an extension 52 provided with a suitable connection 553 for supporting an insulating coupling carrying the flexible tube 33, the fluid supply tube 28 therein and the circuit wires 55 and be .disposed within the outer tube but eXteriorly of the supply tube. r)The inner ends of the wires are shown in Fig. 2, but their outer ends, not shown, are suitably connected with the binding posts or studs Ell' carried by the coupling l'ii. Secured to the binding posts are the circuit wires and 58d which are connected with a step-down transformer 59, as shown in Fig. l, the transformer being preferably connected with an ordinary lighting circuit, the voltage of the heating coil circuit being reduced to afford the .desired heating capacity for the coil which is shown at 6G within the heating chamber @l of the syringe.

As shown in Fig. 2 the circuit wire 55 is connected with the inner coupling member 2l and the circuit wire 5S with the outer coupling rnernber 129, the coupling members being insulated one from another, as shown, and as previously described.

Extending from one end oi the heating coil is a short connection @il which in turn is con-- nected with the metal contact 'd6 by a binding post The opposite end of the coil is connected at Sfl with the reduced portion lli of the inner tubular section lil, with which is connected the coupling 29 and upon which :is secured the inner end of the circuit wire Fig. 2. Current for heating the coil will flow through wire coupling Contact 2li, and connection returning through the tubular section i3 and the coupling 2S to wire 55.

The contact 26 is rendered accessible by proiding an opening 65 in the wall of the tubular section it so that the screw or binding post can readily be applied to sec .re the circuit connection to said Contact. The tubular section lil is preferably slotted at to receive a strip lil or" insulating material for holding the circuit connection G2 out oi Contact with the tubular section as shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 5.

rhe heating coil @il is wound upon a suitable support Eig formed of insulating material suoli, for example, as porcelain, the support being preferably grcoved as indicated at Eil to hold the coils in proper spaced relation. The insulating sup-- port encircles the reduced portion l5 of the tubular section i3 and is preferably held thereon by the use of an inwardly disposed layer of cement or binding material le. The portion l5 of the tubularsection is grooved at 'il to form annular pockets for receiving portions of the binding material whereby to better secure the coil supporting member upon the inner tubular section.

The heating chamber 6| extends longitudinally f the tubular section i3, both inwardly and outwardly ci the valve 22 and in surrounding relation with respect to the inner and outer fluid holding portions lil and i oit said section, so that the fluid or liquid therein will be maintained at the desired temperature by the heat given off by the coil i. This applies also to the liquid within the extension it of the tubular section and that within the lower portion of the section i3, which portions will also be heated since they form a continuation of the portions lil and i5 surrounded by the heating chamber 5i.

The heating chamber is formed in part by a metal sleeve 'i2 inserted upon the tubular section i3 and closed at its outer end by a trans- Verse wall lli recessed to receive the outer end ci the sleeve and suitably connected therewith. The wall i3 rests upon the outer end of the reduced portion l5 of the tubular section and is recessed to receive a gasket "lll for insuring a liquid-tight joint around the tubular extension le. A metal disk l5 is placed upon the gasket to form a seat for the inner end of a spring 'iii which surrounds the tube it and serves to yieldingly urge the inner end of the tubular section i3 against the end of the thimble 2li, screwed into the handle or body H1 of the syringe, as shown in Fig. 2.

Means is provided for protecting the heating chamber (ii against undue loss of heat by radiation through the walls oi the sleeve 'i2 and the handle or casing lb, this means preferably comprising a cylindrical element 'il inserted within the sleeve and formed of suitable insulating material such, for example, as mica.

A stop collar i8 is threadedly disposed on the body section Il for adjustment thereon to limit inward movement of the section through engagement with the body or handle section I of the syringe whereby to regulate the extent of movement of the valve it.

It will be understood that with the present syringe the fluid or liquid holding passage disposed outwardly of the valve 22 and formed by the portions i and lf3 of the tubular section i3 will remain substantially lled with the liquid after the valve 22 has been closed. The liquid within said passage, indicated at 6@ in Fig. 3, constitutes an initial supply which will be quickly discharged through the nozzle upon opening the valve. It is obviously desirable that this initial charge of liquid be maintained at the desired temperature and ready for instant use upon opening the valve and this is accomplished by placing the heating coil b oi the chamber l in advance of the valve and in surrounding relation with respect to the passage or chamber containing the liquid, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. it is also desirable that the liquid within the valve chamber 2i, indicated at iid, be heated so as to increase the supply to be maintained at the desired temperature. To this end the heating chamber 6I is extended below the valve in surrounding relation with respect to the valve chamber and the` liquid therein. With this arrangement the walls f oi the inner tubular section extending inwardly and outwardly of the valve will remain heated to maintain the liquid on opposite sides of the valve at the desired temperature and ready for instant use when needed.

As previously stated, the syringe is formed of a plurality of unitary sections which can` be quickly assembled or detached one from another when desired. For example, before applying the thimbie 2i? to the handle l0, the inner tubular section i3 and associated parts may readily be inserted Within the handle as a complete unit, which includes the tube i3 and its extension i6, the valve within the tube, the heating coil, and the casing surrounding the coil, these parts being likewise withdrawable from the handle as a unit.

The walls of the portion l5 of the tubular member i3 which are surrounded by the heating coil are made relatively thick to afford a Gil-substantial mass or body of metal, acting as a heat reservoir to store heat, and as a conductor for conducting heat from the heating 4element to the liquid within the portion l5 and also, to a lesser extent, to that within the portion lil. The heat stored in this mass of thick metal assists in rapidly heating up the incoming cooler liquid faster than would be the case if the heat reservoir were not provided. Thus a preheated supply of liquid at the desired temperature is maintained ready for instant use whenever required.

The conduit 33 and coupling 29 constitute another unit which may be attached to the section i3, either before or after assembling it within the handle. Furthermore, the conduit and tubular section and its associated parts may be inserted within or withdrawn from the handle as a unit. Moreover, the outer body section Il and nozzle l2 constitute an additional unit detachably connected with the handle or body section l@ and can be withdrawn therefrom upon removing the operating lever i3 from the handle.

I claim:

l. A syringe comprising a tubular body, a fluid holding tubular member extending longitudinally within the body, outlet means for the fluid within said member movable longitudinally on the tubular body, a valve within the body for controlling the fluid actuated by said outlet means when moving it in one direction on the tubular body, and heating means within the body surrounding a portion of the tubular member therein.

2. A syringe comprising a tubular body, a fluid holding tubular member extending longitudinally within the body, outlet means for the fluid within said member movable longitudinally on the tubular body, valve means within the tubular member adapted t0 be opened by moving the outlet means in one direction on the body, a

closed heating chamber within the tubular body if between the outlet means and the valve means and substantially encircling the iiuid holding tubular member, and an electric heating element within said chamber for heating the fluid in said tubular member.

3. A syringe comprising a tubular body, a fluid holding tubular member extending longitudinally within the body, Valve means within said tubular member, a heating chamber within the tubular body in advance of the valve means, an electric heating element within said chamber, a tubular section movable on said body to actuate the Valve means, said tubular section communicating with said tubular member, and a nozzle on said tubular section movable therewith when said section is moved to actuate the valve.

d. A syringe comprising a tubular body, a fluid holding tubular member extending longitudinally within the body, a nozzle carrying member movable on the tubular body, a normally closed Valve within the tubular member dividing it into inner and outer iiuid holding passages, an operating part for the valve extending longitudinally within said outer fluid holding passage and adapted to be actuated by the nozzle carrying member upon moving it on the tubular body, a heating chamber for heating the walls of the tubular member, said chamber encircling a portion of the tubular member surrounding the outer fluid holding passage, and an electric heating element within said chamber.

5. A syringe comprising a tubular body, a iiuid holding tubular member extending longitudinally within said body, a normally closed valve within the tubular member dividing it into inner and outer fluid holding portions, an operating part for the Valve extending longitudinally within said outer fluid holcng portion, a heating chamber within said body for heating the walls of the tubular member surrounding said fluid holding portions and said valve, an electric heating coil within said chamber encircling said valve and said tubular member at a point opposite one of said fluid holding portions, an actuating member movable on said body for moving said valve operating part to open the valve, said actuating member communicating with said tubular member, and a nozzle carried by the actuating member.

6. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections, a nozzle carried by the outer section, means operable to move the outer section longitudinally of the inner section, said inner section including a fluid holding tubular member extending Within the outer section and communicating therewith, a valve within the tubular member between the ends thereof having an operating part actuated by the outer section when moving it in one direction upon the inner section, and an electric heating element Within the inner body section for heating the fluid ho-lding portion of the tubular member immediately in advance of the valve.

'7. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections movable one longitudinally of another, a nozzle on the outer section, a valve disposed within the inner section between the ends thereof for dividing said section into oppositely extending inner and outer iiuid holding portions, the valve being opened by movement of the outer section longitudinally on the inner section, and an electric heating coil fixed on the inner section in advance of the valve and serving to heat a part of the fluid holding portion of the inner section.

8. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections movable one longitudinally of another, a nozzle on the outer section, a valve disposed within the inner section between the ends thereof serving when closed to divide said section into oppositely extending fluid holding portions, the valve being op'ened by movement of one of the sections longitudinally of another in one direction, a heating chamber extending longitudinally of the inner body section and substantially encircling the oppositely extending fluid holding portions thereof, and an electric heating coil within said chamber.

9. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections mounted for movement one longitudinally of another, a nozzle carried by the outer section, means operable to move one of the sections longitudinally of the other, said inner section including a iiuid holding tubular member communicating with the outer section, a valve within the tubular member between the ends thereof serving when closed to divide it into oppositely extending uid holding portions, the valve having an operating part by which it is moved t0 open position upon movement of one of the sections longitudinally of the other in one direction, and an electric heater associated with the portion of the tubular member disposed outwardly of the valve for heating the fluid held in said portion by the valve.

l0. A syringe comprising' inner and outer tubular body sections mounted for movement one longitudinally of the other, a nozzle carried by the outer section, means operable to move one of the sections longitudinally of the other, said inner section including a fluid holding tubular member communicating with the outer section, a valve within the tubular member between the ends thereof serving when closed to divide it into oppositely extending iiuid holding portions, the valve having an operating part actuated by one of the body sections upon moving one longitudinally of another, a heating chamber extending longitudinally of the tubular member and substantially surrounding said oppositely extending fluid holding portions to heat the uid therein, and an electric heating element within said chamber.

1l. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections movable one longitudinally of another, a nozzle carried by the outer section, said inner section including a handle for the syringe and having therein a fluid holding tubular member the outer end of which is telescoped Within the outer body section, a valve within said tubular member between the ends thereof serving when closed to divide said member into oppositely extending fluid holding portions, said valve being opened to establish communication between said portions upon movement of one of the sections longitudinally of another, a heating chamber within the handle extending longitudinally thereof and substantially surrounding the oppositely extending fluid holding portions of said tubular member, and an electric heating coil surrounding one of said fluid holding portions for supplying heat to said chamber to heat both of said portions.

l2. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections movable one longitudinally of another, a nozzle carried by the outer section, means operable to move the outer section longitudinally of the inner section, said inner section including a iiuid holding tubular member communicating with the outer body section, a valve within the tubular member serving when closed to divide it into oppositely extending fluid holding portions, said valve being opened by movement of one of the body sections longitudinally of the other, a heating chamber extending longitudinally of said tubular member and encircling said oppositely extending fluid holding portions, an electric heating coil surrounding one of said portions for supplying heat to said chamber for heating both of said iiuid holding portions, a duid supply tube connected with said tubular member, and circuit connections within said supi."

ply tube for supplying current to said coil.

i3. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections movable one longitudinally of another, said inner section having a valve 'therein between its ends normally dividing the section into inner and outer fluid holding portions, means forming a closed heating chamber about the inner end of said outer fluid holding portion, an electric heating element within said chamber,

said valve being opened by movement of one of the body sections longitudinally of the other in one direction, and means for moving said last mentioned section in said direction.

lli. A syringe comprising a tubular handle, an outer tubular body section including a nozzle movable longitudinally on the handle, and a unitary iiuid holding 'tubular section within the handle having associated parts including a valve between the ends of said section for dividing it into inner and outer fluid holding portions and also including means forming a closed heating chamber about said outer fluid holding portion, and an electric heating element within the chamber for heating said outer fluid holding portion, said fluid holding section and associated parts being removable from the handle as a unit and said valve being opened by inward movement of said body section upon the handle.

l5. A syringe comprising a tubular handle, an

' outer tubular body section movable longitudinally on the handle, a nozzle on said section movable therewith, a unitary inner section mounted within the handle and including a iiuid holding tube communicating with said tubular body section, said fluid holding tube having a valve intermediate its ends and having a surrounding electric heating coil in advance of the valve, said inner section and the valve and coil being withdrawable from the handle as a unit, and a part for opening the valve extending within the tubular body section and operated byA said section when moving it longitudinally on the handle in one direction.

16. A syringe comprising a tubular handle, an outer tubular body section movable longitudinally on the handle, a nozzle carried by said section, a unitary inner fluid holding section Within the handle, a valve within the inner tubular section between the ends thereof normally dividing it into inner and outer iiuid holding portions, an electric heating coil encircling one of said fluid holding portions for heating the fluid therein, said Valve being opened by inward movement of the tubular body section upon the handle, said inner tubular fluid holding section and the valve and heating coil being removable from the handle as a unit, and detachable means on the handle for supporting the inner tubular section therein.

1'?. A syringe comprising a tubular handle, an outer tubular body section movable longitudinally on the handle, a nozzle carried by said section, a unitary inner iiuid holding section within the handle, a valve within the fluid holding section between the ends thereof normally dividing the Section into inner and outer fluid holding portions, m-eans within the handle forming a closed heating chamber about the valve and the fluid holding portions at the opposite ends of the valves, an electric heating element within said chamber, said inner fluid holding section together with the chamber forming means and the valve and heating coil being withdrawable from the handle as a unit, and means for moving the'tubular body section upon the handle to eiect opening oi the valve.

18. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections movable one longitudinally on another, a nozzle on said outer section, a valve within one of said sections for controlling the flow of the liquid to the nozzle, an electric heating element within the inner body section for heating the liquid, and means for moving one of the body sections longitudinally on the other to effect opening of the valve.

19. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections movable one longitudinally on another, a nozzle on said outer section, a valve within one of the sections for controlling the flow of the liquid to the nozzle, an electric heating element within the inner body section disposed outwardly of the valve for heating the liquid remaining within the syringe in advance of the valve upon closing the latter, and means for moving one of the body sections longitudinally on the other to eiect opening of the valve.

20. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections movable one longitudinally on another, said outer section having a nozzle thereon, a valve within the inner section for controlling ,the flow of the liquid to the nozzle, means forming a heating chamber extending inwardly and outwardly of the valve, an electric heating element Within the chamber for heating the liquid on opposite sides of the valve, and means for moving one of the body sections longitudinally of the other to eect opening of the valve.

2l. A syringe comprising a body, a nozzle carrying member movable on said body, a tubular fluid holding member within said body, said uid holding member having a portion spaced from said body to provide a heating chamber between said fluid holding member and said body, a fluid control valve associated with said fluid holding member and adapted to be opened by movement of said nozzle carrying member upon said body,

and an electric heating element in said heating chamber, said fluid holding member including a substantial body of metal to receive and retain heat from said heating element and to conduct heat to the fluid within said fluid holding mem- 4ber.

22. A syringe comprising a casing, a tubular ud holding member within said casing, at least a part of said fluid holding member being of smaller external size than the internal size of said casing to provide an annular heating chamber between said member and said casing, an electric heating coil in said chamber surrounding said portion ol' said iiuid holding member, the portion of said iiuid holding member adjacent said electric heating coil including a body of metal oi substantial thickness, a nozzle carrying member movable upon said casing and in communication with a portion of said fluid holding member, and valve means for closing said fluid holding member adapted to be opened by movement of said nozzle carrying member in one direction.

23. A syringe comprising a tubular body, a liquid holding tubular member extending longitudinally 'within the body and normally filled with liquid, outlet means for the liquid movable on said tubular body, a Valve within the tubular body between'the ends of the tubular member for controlling the liquid, said valve being operated by movement of said outlet means in one direction, and heating means Within the body substantially surrounding the tubular member and adapted to heat the liquid therein.

24. A syringe comprising a tubular body, a liquid holding tubular member extending longitudinally within the body and normally lled with liquid, outlet means for the liquid movable on said tubular body, a valve within the tubular body between the ends of the tubular member adapted to control the liquid and to be opened by movement of the outlet means in one direction on the tubular body, a heating chamber substantially surrounding the tubular member and extending forwardly and rearwardly of the valve, and electric heating means within said chamber.

25. A syringe comprising a tubular body, a liquid holding tubular member extending longitudinally within the body, a valve within said tubular member for controlling the uid, a nozzle movable on the tubular body to effect opening of the valve, means for moving the nozzle, means substantially surrounding the tubular member Within said tubular body and forming a heating chamber for heating the liquid within the tubular member, said chamber extending longitudinally on opposite sides of the valve, and heating means within said chamber.

26. A syringe comprising a tubular body, an outer tubular body section including a nozzle movable longitudinally on said tubular body, a fluid holding tubular member extending longitudinally within said body and having an extension projecting within said outer body section, a valve for controlling the passage oi the fluid through the tubular member having an operating part adapted to be actuated by the outer body section to open the valve upon moving said body section in one direction on the tubular body, and electric heating means within the tubular body substantially surrounding the fluid holding member therein and adapted for heating the liquid between the valve and the outer body section.

27. A syringe comprising inner and outer tubular body sections, said outer section being movthe body sections for heating the liquid, operating means movable on the inner body section for moving the outer section thereon, and means for returning the outer section to normal position upon release oi said operating means.

ALPHONSE F. PIEPER. 

